CONJUCTION

CONJUCTION

Conjunctions are words used as joiners. (Conjunction atau Konjungsi adalah kata yang digunakan sebagai kata penggabung atau kata sambung).

The following are the kinds of conjunctions:

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

•            AND (Dan)

Used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences that are to be taken jointly. (Digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata-kata dari bagian yang sama dari pidato, klausa, atau kalimat yang akan diambil bersama-sama)

Example :

-          Most children like cookies and milk      (words to words)

-          What you say and what you do are two different things       (clause to clause)

•        BUT (Tetapi)

Used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned. (Digunakan untuk memperkenalkan sesuatu yang kontras dengan apa yang telah disebutkan)

Example :

-          I like coffee, but I don’t like tea

-          I don’t care for the beach, but I enjoy a good vocation in the mountains

To Attention (!) Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.

•            OR (Atau)

Used to selection (Digunakan untuk sebuah pilihan atau memilih salah satu)

Example :

-          At the beach or by the lakeside

-          Are you coming or not?

•        NOR (Maupun)

Used before the second or further of two or more alternatives (the first being introduced by a negative such as “neither” or.... (Digunakan sebelum kedua atau lebih dari dua atau lebih alternatif (yang pertama diperkenalkan oleh negatif seperti "tidak" atau ...)

Example :

-          They were neither cheap nor convenient

•            YET (Namun)

But at the same time; but nevertheless. (Tetapi yang digunakan pada saat yang sama; tetapi tetap)

Example :

-          It is good, yet it could be improved

(Itu baik, namun dapat ditingkatkan)

•           SO (Jadi)

And for this reason; therefore.(Kata yang digunakan sebagai penggabung sebuah alasan; karena)

Example :

-          Ran was late for work, so she received a cut in pay

-          It hurt, so I went to see a specialist

• ·         FOR

Because; since. (Karena; sejak)

Example :

-          He felt guilty, for he knew that he bore a share of responsibility for Fanny's death

B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

either. . .or	both. . . and
neither. . . nor	not only. . .  but also

             

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

C. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

These conjunctions join independent clauses together.

The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:

after all

in addition

next

also	incidentally	nonetheless
as a result	indeed	on the contrary
besides	in fact	on the other hand
consequently	in other words	otherwise
finally	instead	still
for example	likewise	then
furthermore	meanwhile	therefore
hence	moreover	thus
however	nevertheless

Punctuation:

Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.

     

D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions

after	in order (that)	unless
although	insofar as	until
as	in that	when
as far as	lest	whenever
as soon as	no matter how	where
as if	now that	wherever
as though	once	whether
because	provided (that)	while
before	since	why
even if	so that
even though	supposing (that)
how	than
if	that
inasmuch as	though
in case (that)	till

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.

   

A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.

Loose:	It is raining, so we have an umbrella.
Tight:	Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.

Punctuation Note:

When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses.  When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.